Advantages & Disadvantages of OFDM

Advantages of OFDM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is commonly implemented in many emerging communications protocols because it provides several advantages over the traditional FDM approach to communications channels. More specifically, OFDM systems allow for greater spectral efficiency reduced intersymbol interference (ISI), and resilience to multi-path distortion.

Spectral Efficiency

In a traditional FDM system, each channel is spaced by about 25% of the channel width. This is done to ensure that adjacent channels do not interfere. This is illustrated in the diagram below, which shows the guard bands between individual channels.

Because of the requirement for guard bands, it is required to the symbol rate to allow for guard bands to exist. In general, the allowed channel bandwidth (Bw) is 2/Rs. As a result of this, the channels are able to be separated adequately.

n an OFDM system, on the other hand, the channels actually overlap. As a result, it is possible to maximize the symbol rate, and thus the throughput, for a given bandwidth. In the image below, we illustrate overlapping sub-carriers in an OFDM system. In this scenario, the channel bandwidth (Bw) approaches 1 / Rs. Thus, as the number of sub-carriers approaches infinity, OFDM systems allow for nearly double the spectral efficiency.

Note that with an OFDM system, it is still required to have a guard band between each individual channel. However, the effective symbol rate for the combined sub-carriers is greater than if a single carrier were used instead.

Note that the effect of using overlapping orthogonal sub-carriers also requires the use of a cyclic prefix to prevent intersymbol interference (ISI). Thus, some of the advantages gained through overlapping sub-carriers are compromised. However, the spectral efficiency advantage is great enough such that greater throughput is available in an OFDM system.

Reduced Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

n mono-carrier systems, intersymbol interference is often caused through the multi-path characteristics of a wireless communications channel. Note that when transmitting an electromagnetic wave over a long distance, the signal passes through a variety of physical mediums. As a result, the actual received signal contains the direct path signal overlaid with signal reflections of smaller amplitudes. The diagram below illustrates how, at high symbol rates, reflected signals can interfere with subsequent symbols.

In wireless systems, this creates difficulty because the received signal can be slightly distorted. In this scenario, the direct path signal arrives as expected, but slightly attenuated reflections arrive later in time. These reflections create a challenge because they interfere with subsequent symbols transmitted along the direct path. These signal reflections are typically mitigated through a pulse-shaping filter, which attenuates both the starting and ending sections of the symbol period. However, as the figure above illustrates, this problem becomes much more significant at high symbol rates. Because the reflections make up a significant percentage of the symbol period, ISI will also be substantial.

OFDM systems mitigate this problem by utilizing a comparatively long symbol period. In addition, they do this without sacrificing throughput by utilizing multiple sub-carriers per channel. Below, we illustrate the time domain of OFDM symbols. Note that in an OFDM system, the symbol rate can be reduced while still achieving similar or even higher throughput.

Note from the illustration above that the time required for the reflections to fully attenuate is the same as before. However, by utilizing a smaller symbol rate, the signal reflections make up only a small percentage of the total symbol period. Thus, it is possible to simply add a guard interval to remove interference from reflections without significantly decreasing system throughput.

Other Advantages

• Flexibility of deployment across various frequency bands with little needed modification to the air interface. 
• Averaging interferences from neighboring cells, by using different basic carrier permutations between users in different cells. 
• Interferences within the cell are averaged by using allocation with cyclic permutations. 
• Enables orthogonality in the uplink by synchronizing users in time and frequency. 
• Enables Single Frequency Network coverage, where coverage problem exists and gives excellent coverage. 
• Enables adaptive carrier allocation in multiplication of 23 carriers = nX23 carriers up to 1587 carriers (all data carriers). 
• Offers Frequency diversity by spreading the carriers all over the used spectrum. 
• Offers Time diversity by optional interleaving of carrier groups in time.
• Using the cell capacity to the utmost by adaptively using the highest modulation a user can use, this is allowed by the gain added when less carriers are allocated (up to 18dB gain for 23 carrier allocation instead of 1587 carriers), therefore gaining in overall cell capacity.

Disadvantages of OFDM

• Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is high 
•  High power transmitter ampli ers need linearlization 
•  Low noise receiver ampli ers need large dynamic range
• Capacity and power loss due to guard interval 
• Bandwidth and power loss due to the guard interval can be signi cant 
• The guard interval consumes 20% of the bandidth and transmit power in IEEE802.11a
• Frequency off sets and phase noise sensitivity 
•  Phase noise is especially acute at high carrier frequencies
• The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, therefore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio. 
• It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier systems are due to leakage of the DFT.

OFDM Basics

OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. OFDM is a technique that allows a base station to split a chunk of radio spectrum into sub-channels. The signal strength of the sub-channels and the number of channels assigned to different devices can be varied as needed. OFDM allows high data rates, even far from a base station, and it copes well with the type of radio interference that is common in urban areas, where signals reflect off walls to produce confusing echoes.

This is a method to transmit data using a large number of carriers that are separated on different frequencies to carry one data stream which has been broken up into many signals.

Speeds that are lower are easier to detect. It was discovered that by using multiple subcarriers the receiver could detect signals easier in environments with interference. Subcarriers transmit a lower speed signal which is converted by to its original high-speed signal at the other end. The subcarriers for OFDM are modulated by several methods including QAM and QPSK.

The basic principle of OFDM is to split a high-rate datastream into a number of lower rate streams that are transmitted simultaneously over a number of subcarriers. Because the symbol duration increases for lower rate parallel subcarriers, the relative amount of dispersion in time caused by multipath delay spread is decreased. Intersymbol interference is eliminated almost completely by introducing a guard time in every OFDM symbol. In the guard time, the symbol is cyclically extended to avoid intercarrier interference.

In OFDM design, a number of parameters are up for consideration, such as the number of subcarriers, guard time, symbol duration, subcarrier spacing, modulation type per subcarrier. The choice of parameters is influenced by system requirements such as available bandwidth, required bit rate, tolerable delay spread, and Doppler values. Some requirement are conflicting. For instance, to get a good delay spread tolerance, a large number of subcarriers with small subcarrier spacing is desirable, but the opposite is true for a good tolerance against Doppler spread and phase noise.

OFDM is present in

 – LTE

 – Mobile WiMax IEEE 802.16e

 – xDSL

 – Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11a,g,

What is OFDM?

• Orthogonal FDM – it’s multiplexing

• It’s more: – Multi Carrier – Digital modulation (PSK, QAM) – Digital processing

• Demultiplexing

In a conventional serial data system, the symbols are transmitted sequentially, with the frequency spectrum of each data symbol allowed to occupy the entire available bandwidth. A When the data rate is sufficient high, several adjacent symbols may be completely distorted over frequency selective fading or multipath delay spread channel.

In OFDM

       The spectrum of an individual data element normally occupies only a small part of available bandwidth. Because of dividing an entire channel bandwidth into many narrow subbands, the frequency response over each individual subchannel is relatively flat.

A parallel data transmission system offers possibilities for alleviating this problem encountered with serial systems.

    - Resistance to frequency selective fading.

The process of mapping the information bits onto the signal constellation plays a fundamental role in determining the properties of the modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a sum of sub-carriers, each of which contains M-ary phase shift keyed (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signals. 

Modulation types over OFDM systems

 - Phase shift keying (PSK)

 - Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

OFDM communications systems are able to more effectively utilize the frequency spectrum through overlapping sub-carriers. These sub-carriers are able to partially overlap without interfering with adjacent sub-carriers because the maximum power of each sub-carrier corresponds directly with the minimum power of each adjacent channel.

As an example , figure below shows four subcarriers from one OFDM signal. In this example, all subcarriers have the phase and amplitude, but in practice the amplitudes and phases may be modulated differently for each subcarrier. Note that each subcarrier has exactly an integer number of cycles in the interval T , and the number of cycles between adjacent subcarries differs by exactly one. This properly accounts for the orthogonality between subcarriers.